Human mortality from avian influenza to date is around 60%. Such was the case with the april 2009 h1n1 flu outbreak. It was caused by an h3n2 strain of the influenza a virus, descended from h2n2 through antigenic shift, a genetic process in which genes from multiple subtypes reassorted to form a new virus. The world health organizations whos flu vaccine advisory group today recommended changing one strainthe 2009 h1n1 componentfor the northern hemispheres 201718 flu season, which mirrors a recommendation it made last september for the southern hemispheres upcoming season. Workshop participants looked at the actions taken as the h1n1 outbreak. Global dissemination of the virus was further expedited by the unprecedented rates of passenger travel. Pdf novel swine influenza virus subtype h3n1, united states. The epidemic curve of the outbreak showed a propagated transmission direct contact with two peaks on 22nd and 24th june, 2010. Novel influenza a h1 n1 novel influenza a h1n1, also called swine flu, is a new strain of influenza that emerged in the united states in the spring of 2009. The cause of the outbreak is still unknown and no exposure to pigs was identified.
A look back at progress since the 2009 h1n1 pandemic. However, the disease has also spread from one person to. In contrast to the regular seasonal epidemics of influenza, these pandemics occur irregularly there have been about 9 influenza pandemics during the last 300 years. We report the emergence and characterization of a novel h3n1 subtype of swine. The outbreak lasted for about 10 days from 16th to 26th june, 2010, with symptoms of the index case appearing on 16th june, 2010. An influenza pandemic is an epidemic of an influenza virus that spreads on a worldwide scale and infects a large proportion of the world population.
The 1918 flu pandemic january 1918 december 1920 was an unusually deadly influenza pandemic, the first of the two pandemics involving h1n1 influenza virus. Few young people had any existing immunity as detected by antibody response to the h1n1 pdm09 virus, but nearly onethird of people over 60 years old had antibodies against this virus, likely from exposure to an older h1n1 virus earlier in their lives. Using a model of parkinsons disease in which the toxin mptp, made famous in book the case of the frozen addicts, induces parkinsonslike symptoms in humans and mice, dr. H3n1 is a subtype of the species influenza a virus, mostly affecting pigs. Lung lesions and nasal shedding occurred in swine infected with the h3n1 sivs, suggesting the potential to transmit among swine and to humans. Swine influenza simple english wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Fao h5n8 hpai global situation update fao emergency. History 1998 us outbreak in swine swine flu was found in pigs in four u. Teach cough hygiene everywhereswine flu wikibooks, open. Who swaps h1n1 for 201718 flu vaccine, recommends 2 new. The disease in swine occurs within a herd either as an epizootic or enzootic form. Lessons learned from influenza ah1n1pdm09 pandemic. The 1918 h1n1 flu virus caused the deadliest pandemic of the 20th century.
Pandemics can cause high levels of mortality, with the 1918 spanish. Swine influenza virus is sometimes called siv or swine flu swine flu is common in pigs. An outbreak of influenza a h1n1 occurred in kolkata predominantly affecting young and middle aged population. Pdf to date, three subtypes of swine influenza viruses, h1n1, h1n2, and h3n2. University of minnesota center for infectious disease research and policy director michael osterholm discusses the tough lessons we have learned in the united states from the h1n1 outbreak. South africa as of 26 may 2009 there have been no laboratory confirmed cases of novel influenza ah1n1 in south africa. First described in april 2009, the virus appeared to be a new strain of h1n1, which resulted from a previous triple reassortment of. An outbreak of a contagious disease that spreads rapidly and widely pandemic meaning. Preparing for an h1n1 outbreak the states perspective. Taiwan, in regard to novel influenza ah1n1, announced 61 patients and 0 deaths. The 2009 swine flu pandemic was an influenza pandemic that lasted for about 20 months, from january 2009 to august 2010, and the second of the two pandemics involving h1n1 influenza virus the first being the 19181920 spanish flu pandemic, albeit a new strain. The outbreak was the third influenza pandemic to occur in the 20th century. The hong kong flu was the first known outbreak of the h3n2 strain, though there is serologic evidence of h3n1 infections in the late 19th century. Public health service provided an overview of the spring outbreak, as well as the cdcs role and strategy in responding to the outbreak and the decisions that led to the federal declaration of a public health emergency in april.
As compared to seasonal influenza, novel influenza ah1n1 appears to be more transmissible, has a higher estimated secondary attack rate, and has caused more severe illness in otherwise healthy young persons. Download fulltext pdf download fulltext pdf influenza a h3n2 outbreak, nepal article pdf available in emerging infectious diseases 118. Influenza pandemic h1n1 of 2009, also called h1n1 flu, byname swine flu, the first major influenza outbreak in the 21st century, noted for its rapid global spread, which was facilitated by an unusually high degree of viral contagiousness. Learning from the h1n1 flu outbreak jonathan and karin.
Swine influenza virus is a virus that is common in pigs. Novel swine influenza virus subtype h3n1, united states ncbi. Champaignurbana public health district monday, august 24, 2009. H1n1 died out but was reintroduced by a botched vaccine in russia. In addition, the vaccine to protect against novel h1n1 virus is not. In march and april 2006, novel h3n1 influenza a viruses were isolated from pigs with respiratory diseases. Swine flu is also known as h1n1, h1n2, h2n1 and h3n1 epidemics of swine flu were in. In years in which h3n2 is the predominant strain, there are more hospitalizations. On june 11, 2009 dr margaret chan, the director general of the world health organization who declared that the h1n1 flu that was then spreading around the world was an official pandemic. Pdf treatment and prevention of pandemic h1n1 influenza.
Outbreak total number of patients status in the world country with outbreak 5 country number of infected people 94,512 people number of deaths 429 people lethality 0. Isolation and characterization of novel h3n1 swine influenza. The virus was isolated in queen mary hospital both the h2n2 and h3n2 pandemic flu strains contained genes from avian influenza viruses. This triggered a series of builtin responses in many countries, including stockpiling antiviral medications and preparing for a mass h1n1 vaccination program. Marissa blumenthal of the atlanta centers for disease control in. African swine fever 2019 provides strategic guidance for responding to an animal health emergency caused by african swine fever asf in the united states. The 2009 h1n1 pandemic was estimated to be associated with 151,700 to 575,400 deaths worldwide during the first year it circulated. To better understand this deadly virus, an expert group of researchers and virus hunters set out to search for the lost 1918 virus, sequence its genome, recreate the virus in a highly safe and regulated laboratory setting at cdc, and ultimately study its secrets to better prepare for future pandemics. During recent canine influenza surveillance in south korea, a novel h3n1 canine. The hong kong flu also known as 1968 flu pandemic was a flu pandemic whose outbreak in 1968 and 1969 killed an estimated one million people all over the world. Novel antigenic drift of avian influenza ah7n9 virus in poultry, china, 2018.
This h1n1 virus has continued to circulate seasonally to this day. Novel reassortant humanlike h3n2 and h3n1 influenza a. This type of influenza virus can also infect humans and birds. Human mortality from h5n1 project gutenberg selfpublishing. This new strain of influenza causes the same illness that is seen with the usual, seasonal flu strains. We characterized two novel swine humanlike h3n2 and h3n1 viruses with hemagglutinin ha. As of 2009, the known siv strains include influenza c and the subtypes of influenza a known as h1n1, h1n2. In 1976, a novel swine influenza a h1n1 caused severe respiratory illness in soldiers, with one. At cdcs request, the cdc foundation activated our emergency response fund on april 27, 2009, to aid cdcs response to the h1n1 flu formerly swine flu outbreak. Clinical management of human infection with pandemic h1n1. Global dissemination of the virus was further expedited by the unprecedented rates of passenger. But it is shorthand for a much larger body of corroborating evidence about the likelihood of new pandemics, based on the reporting and research i did over the past six years, which i write about in the book. Proof that the swine flu epidemic was man made and intentional. The known subtypes of influenza a virus that create influenza in pigs and are endemic in pigs are h1n1, h1n2, h3n1 and h3n2.
Mexicans and other latinos living in the us were quickly stigmatized by nonlatinos as carriers of the virus, partly because of news reports on the outbreaks alleged origin in mexican pig farms. In 2006, a novel swine influenza virus subtype h3n1 was isolated from. Number of hospitalized pcrconfirmed 2009 h1n1 influenza cases, minnesota, april 2009 april 2010 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51 1 3 5 7 9 11 15 17. Although a recent phylogenetic analysis of more recent strains of influenza in humans, birds, and. Epidemic over a wide geographic area and affecting a large proportion of. Iav outbreaks in swine populations not only result in loss of productivity, but can. An outbreak of pandemic influenza a h1n1 in kolkata, west. Because this is a new virus, most people do not have immunity to it, and illness may be more severe and widespread as a result. Swine influenza simple english wikipedia, the free. He is also the host and producer of the popular weekly science podcast, the skeptics guide to the universe, and the author of the neurologicablog, a daily blog that covers news and issues in neuroscience, but also general science. Selected legal issues congressional research service summary on june 11, in response to the global spread of a new strain of influenza, the world health organization who raised the level of influenza pandemic alert to phase 6, which indicates the start of an actual pandemic. This outbreak confirmed that pigs can serve as a crucible where novel influenza viruses emerge as a result of the reassortment of genes from different strains. In birds, humans, and pigs, the virus has mutated into many strains.
Who, h1n1, and conflicts of interest sciencebased medicine. The new subtypes arose in pigs coinfected with avian and human viruses and were. Nov 09, 2009 university of minnesota center for infectious disease research and policy director michael osterholm discusses the tough lessons we have learned in the united states from the h1n1 outbreak. A novel reassortant canine h3n1 influenza virus between pandemic. Among the emerging disease experts i talked to, the idea of another major pandemic in the near future is taken as a given. Bosnia and herzegovina h5n8 ai outbreak 2017 some remarks violeta santrac nrl of republic of bosnia and herzegovina proficiency test eurl 2019 classical virology and serology avian influenza pdf. In virology, influenza a virus subtype h1n1 ah1n1 is the subtype of influenza a virus that. Influenza a virus, swine influenza, novel h3n1 subtype, emerging. The 1968 flu pandemic resulted in an estimated one.
Federal dollars, even during emergencies, are tied to restrictions and purchasing procedures that can. Swine influenza aetiology epidemiology diagnosis prevention and control references swine influenza is a highly contagious viral infection of pigs. After the 2009 pandemic h1n1 influenza outbreak, we also performed a. Outbreak of swineorigin influenza a h1n1 virus international journal of research in pharmacy and biosciences v2 i3 march 2015 7 pandemic in human the 1918 flu pandemic in humans was associated with h1n1 and influenza appearing in pigs 14. Normally, it only infects people who have been in close contact with pigs. The known subtypes of influenza a virus that create influenza in pigs and are endemic in pigs are h1n1. A webinar titled intercontinental spread of h5n8 highly pathogenic avian influenza analysis of the current situation and recommendations for preventive action, targeting national veterinary services and fao regional and country teams, was conducted by fao on 24 november 2016 link empres watch, september 2016. Symptoms are fever, cough, sore throat, headache, and muscle aches. In 2009, thailand experienced rapid spread of the pandemic influenza ah1n1pdm09 virus. Pdf novel swine influenza virus subtype h3n1 in italy. Swine influenza virus is sometimes called siv or swine flu. The makers of the human variant of the swine flu virus waited until the patent was finally approved in january of 2009, before unleashing the virus into the wild.
Influenza a virus subtype h3n2 ah3n2 is a subtype of viruses that causes influenza flu. The national response came under intense public scrutiny as the number of confirmed cases and associated deaths increased. Disease outbreaks in pigs in great britain due to an influenza a virus of h1n2 subtype. Disseminate outbreak investigation report internal and external audience educate community, ill persons, restaurant staff, and public health staff 9.
Swine influenza, also called pig influenza, swine flu, hog flu and pig flu, is an infection by any one of several types of swine influenza viruses. Further surveillance will help determine whether this novel subtype will continue to circulate in swine populations. Laboratory diagnosis of pandemic h1n1 2009 virus, especially at the beginning of a new community outbreak or for unusual cases, has important implications for case management, such as infection control procedures, consideration of antiviral treatment options and avoiding the inappropriate use of antibiotics. The h3n1 sivs were antigenically related to the turkey virus. Testing for influenza a h5n1 also should be considered on a casebycase basis in consultation with state and local health departments for hospitalized or ambulatory patients with all of the following. The h1n1 pdm09 virus was very different from h1n1 viruses that were circulating at the time of the pandemic. Swine influenza virus siv or swineorigin influenza virus soiv is any strain of the influenza family of viruses that is endemic in pigs. Founder and currently executive editor of sciencebased medicine steven novella, md is an academic clinical neurologist at the yale university school of medicine. Outbreaks of avian influenza a h5n1 in asia and interim. Draftmarch 2019 ii the foreign animal disease preparedness and response plan fad prepdisease response strategy. The 2009 swine flu pandemic in canada was part of an epidemic in 2009 of a new strain of influenza a virus subtype h1n1 causing what has been commonly called swine flu. State health authorities implemented several interventions to limit the outbreak including training of health care providers in case management and infection control, vaccination of health care workers, creation of isolation wards and administration of. Who swaps h1n1 for 201718 flu vaccine, recommends 2.
An hhs retrospective on the 2009 h1n1 influenza pandemic. Influenza pandemic h1n1 of 2009, the first major influenza outbreak in the 21st century, noted for its rapid global spread, which was facilitated by an unusually high degree of viral contagiousness. H1n1 virus, as well as 2 additional reassortant lineages, persist naturally. Pdf influenza a virus infects various animal species and transmits among different hosts. The 1968 pandemic was initiated by the emergence of a virus known as influenza a subtype h3n2. Implement controlprevention measure coordinate with all stakeholders including regulatory partners develop strategies to prevent further or future illness. The kandiyohi outbreak is the countys 26th, while the meeker incident is the 8th one there, the statement said. Swine flu 1 swine influenza influenza pandemic free. June 11, 2019 in 2009, a novel h1n1 influenza flu virus emerged to cause the first flu pandemic in 40 years. While the real h5n1 cf rate what it would be if we had perfect knowledge could be lower one study suggests that the real h5n1 cf rate is closer to 1433%. In the epizootic form, the virus quickly moves through all phases of a swine. In northern france nord department, three lpai ah3n1 outbreaks were detected in the.
Murder and intrigue reach epidemic proportions when a devastating plague sweeps the country. Centers for disease control and prevention and the u. Facing 4 more h5n2 outbreaks, iowa declares emergency cidrap. The 2009 h1n1 influenza pandemic, which was declared by the world health organization who in june 2009 and officially ended in august 2010, provided an important test of our nations preparedness activities and our ability to respond and adapt to a largescale, protracted. At the time of writing this, the novel coronavirus or covid19 has.